How Does Baby Get Nutrition During Pregnancy?

How Does Baby Get Nutrition During Pregnancy
We all know that eating healthy during pregnancy will help your baby to grow and flourish while in the womb. But you may be surprised to learn that you can impact baby’s taste preferences before they reach the highchair or even start nursing! In fact, your baby’s first forays into “taste development” begin in utero with everything that mom eats.

Just eight weeks after conception, your baby is beginning to develop taste buds. By the third trimester, your baby will have more taste buds than at any other point in their lives! While in the womb, babies get most of their nutrition through the umbilical cord, but they also swallow and digest their moms’ amniotic fluid.

In fact, 10-20% of the protein a baby consumes comes from what she drinks.¹ And studies show that a mother’s amniotic fluid has distinctive flavors related to what she has been eating and drinking. There isn’t a single flavor that researchers have found that doesn’t show up in utero.

And babies actually remember flavors from their time in the womb and may show preferences towards them after birth. This process explains why adopted infants, who have left their native cultures, innately prefer their native cuisines years later, even though they may never have actually eaten them in the conventional sense.

Dr. Greene describes this pre-birth chapter as the beginning of a baby’s “Nutritional Intelligence,” an intelligence that may help her choose healthy food later in life. Simply stated, cultivating Nutritional Intelligence is about developing babies’ palates from the earliest stage, helping them to “recognize and love healthy amounts of healthy foods.” Your baby can learn to appreciate and recognize the flavors of healthy food starting in the second trimester, when they develop highly sensitive taste buds.

Your baby’s taste buds allow her to learn the rich, diverse flavors of delicious food from all food groups. Since babies learn by imprinting and through repetition, pregnancy is a great opportunity for you to cook meals with whole ingredients, herbs and spices, and favorite healthy foods that you want your child to love.

If you have a special love for creamy avocados, pungent cheese, or tart lemons during pregnancy, your baby may show preferential treatment to those familiar flavors down the road.
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Contents

How does a baby get nutrients in the womb?

How does the fetal circulatory system work? – During pregnancy, the unborn baby (fetus) depends on its mother for nourishment and oxygen. Since the fetus doesn’t breathe air, their blood circulates differently than it does after birth:

The placenta is the organ that develops and implants in the mother’s womb (uterus) during pregnancy. The unborn baby is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord. All the necessary nutrition, oxygen, and life support from the mother’s blood goes through the placenta and to the baby through blood vessels in the umbilical cord. Waste products and carbon dioxide from the baby are sent back through the umbilical cord blood vessels and placenta to the mother’s circulation to be eliminated.

While still in the uterus, the baby’s lungs aren’t being used. The baby’s liver isn’t fully developed. Circulating blood bypasses the lungs and liver by flowing in different pathways and through special openings called shunts. Blood flow in the unborn baby follows this pathway:

Oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood are transferred across the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical cord. This enriched blood flows through the umbilical vein toward the baby’s liver. There it moves through a shunt called the ductus venosus. This allows some of the blood to go to the liver. But most of this highly oxygenated blood flows to a large vessel called the inferior vena cava and then into the right atrium of the heart.

Here is what happens inside the fetal heart:

When oxygenated blood from the mother enters the right side of the heart, it flows into the upper chamber (the right atrium). Most of the blood flows across to the left atrium through a shunt called the foramen ovale. From the left atrium, blood moves down into the lower chamber of the heart (the left ventricle). It’s then pumped into the first part of the large artery coming from the heart (the ascending aorta). From the aorta, the oxygen-rich blood is sent to the brain and to the heart muscle itself. Blood is also sent to the lower body. Blood returning to the heart from the fetal body contains carbon dioxide and waste products as it enters the right atrium. It flows down into the right ventricle, where it normally would be sent to the lungs to be oxygenated. Instead, it bypasses the lungs and flows through the ductus arteriosus into the descending aorta, which connects to the umbilical arteries. From there, blood flows back into the placenta. There the carbon dioxide and waste products are released into the mother’s circulatory system. Oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood are transferred across the placenta. Then the cycle starts again.

At birth, major changes take place. The umbilical cord is clamped and the baby no longer receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother. With the first breaths of air, the lungs start to expand and the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale both close. The baby’s circulation and blood flow through the heart now function like an adult’s. Medical Reviewers:

Donna Freeborn PhD CNM FNP Heather M Trevino BSN RNC Liora C Adler MD

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When does baby get nutrition from mother?

When do babies start absorbing nutrients from the mother? – Babies start absorbing nutrients from their mothers about three to five days after conception. That’s when the fertilized egg meets its energy needs with nutrients secreted from Mom’s endometrium (the tissue lining the uterus).

  • Soon after, which usually happens about eight to nine days after conception, the embryo forms a,
  • The yolk sac provides critical nutrition and gas exchange between mom and baby throughout most of the first trimester, until the placenta starts to take over at around week 10 of pregnancy.
  • That means that from the beginning, your baby is getting all his nutrition from you.

His own digestive system won’t take over until he’s born and starts consuming (and pooping) breast milk or formula. In other words, what you eat throughout your pregnancy matters. So be sure to take your prenatal vitamin daily and maintain, That means consuming plenty of foods that are rich in:

(found in beans, avocadoes, leafy greens, fortified whole grain bread and other foods), to ensure the development of healthy new cells and to help prevent some birth defects (which you can get from salmon, sardines, herring, walnuts and DHA eggs), for healthy brain and eye development Vitamin D (in fish, eggs and fortified orange juice and cereal) to help with healthy bones, teeth, eyes and skin Calcium (in dairy and dairy-alternative products) to ensure strong bones and teeth as well as a tip-top heart, muscles and nerves

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Does what I eat affect my baby while pregnant?

Eating Well When You’re Pregnant – Do you wonder how it’s reasonable to gain 25 to 35 pounds (on average) during your pregnancy when a newborn baby weighs only a fraction of that? Although it varies from woman to woman, this is how those pounds may add up:

7.5 pounds: average baby’s weight 7 pounds: extra stored protein, fat, and other nutrients 4 pounds: extra blood 4 pounds: other extra body fluids 2 pounds: breast enlargement 2 pounds: enlargement of your uterus 2 pounds: amniotic fluid surrounding your baby 1.5 pounds: the placenta

Of course, patterns of weight gain during pregnancy vary. It’s normal to gain less if you start out heavier and more if you’re having twins or triplets — or if you were underweight before becoming pregnant. More important than how much weight you gain is what makes up those extra pounds.

  1. When you’re pregnant, what you eat and drink is the main source of nourishment for your baby.
  2. In fact, the link between what you consume and the health of your baby is much stronger than once thought.
  3. That’s why doctors now say, for example, that no amount of alcohol consumption should be considered safe during pregnancy.
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The extra food you eat shouldn’t just be empty calories — it should provide the nutrients your growing baby needs. For example, calcium helps make and keep bones and teeth strong. While you’re pregnant, you still need calcium for your body, plus extra calcium for your developing baby.
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Do babies in the womb get hungry?

Results – Maternal descriptions of fetal movements in this study changed over the course of the third trimester, with early third trimester movements being characterised by their great variation in both type and strength of movements. By term jerky or jolting movements had subsided and kicks were reduced in favour of rolling, stretching and pushing movements.

  • Strength of movements was likely to be increased at term.
  • Patterns of movement at both time points were commonly influenced by environmental factors such as; time of day, maternal position and ambulation, noises and maternal meals.
  • One novel finding; a complex fetal response to maternal hunger, eating and satiation is discussed in this paper.

Full findings will be presented in later papers. During interviews, participants were asked whether there was a pattern to their baby’s movements and if so, to describe it. Mealtimes were identified by the majority of participants (73.6%, 14/19) as times when fetal activity was likely to be increased in some cases (6) no further detail was offered.

In eight cases however participants explicitly recounted increased fetal movements interpreted by the mother as a response to hunger or eating. Of these eight, seven women (36.8% 7/19) described increased fetal activity in association with maternal hunger or the period prior to meals. Five of the women who had described increased fetal movement with hunger (26.3%) described a notable period of quieting following a meal which they interpreted as their baby being sated and content.

The remaining two described a continuation of the increased activity after eating that had been noted with hunger. Just one woman described increased fetal activity after a meal, without having first described increased movements with hunger. Thus where fetal activity in relation to meals was described in detail by participants in this study, the predominant pattern was one of increased fetal activity prior to meals and decreased fetal activity following meals with a transition period during which some fetuses might continue their increased activity during and immediately after the meal and others might settle quickly into a quiescent period.

In describing changes in fetal activity around mealtimes participants commonly ‘voiced’ their baby in an attempt to convey the ‘attitude’ expressed by the fetal movements. The character of the increased activity prior to a meal was interpreted by the pregnant women as a fetal expression of anticipation of food, giving way to frustration when the meal was delayed.

Whilst, the nature of the movements perceived following a meal were interpreted as indicating happiness or contentment. In this way fetal movements appeared to function as a form of communication between mother and baby, effectively prompting the mother to eat when she had gone for longer than usual without a meal and then indicating to the mother when the fetus was sated.

These changes in activity were outlined by participants primarily in response to the question “Is there anything that makes your baby move more or less than usual?” A typical example of increased fetal activity prior to meals is as below: Sometimes if I haven’t eaten for a while. It could just be me, but you just feel that sometimes she’ll make her presence known and go “I need some food here” or something, well that’s what it feels like.

And until you have something to eat and then she’ll settle down again. (Bridget, 37 weeks) Increasing fetal activity in advance of meals was further intensified where a meal was delayed. These descriptions were normally independent of sitting as the mother was often too busy to get a meal as in the example below; She gets very excited just before dinner time, like just before any meal time; and it’s not even when I’m cooking.

Sometimes I can just walk past the room that has food in it and if I’m not eating within 20 minutes then she starts getting quite irate! Like I must have somehow triggered that I was out to eat and then when I didn’t she was hugely disappointed. (Ruth, 39 weeks) Two women reported increased activity in association with hunger and the period following eating, describing the movements as changing qualitatively during the course of meal, as in the following example.

So if I’m either hungry I notice if I haven’t eaten, like that’s what happened this afternoon, she was not impressed. And she just gets really wriggly and really squirmy. And then after I’ve eaten, you know, so similar, although it doesn’t it feels a lot more comfortable after I’ve eaten, but she goes through a similar thing where she gets quite active.

Roimata, 39 weeks). For the remaining five of the seven women who had described increased activity with hunger the post-prandial period was associated with a marked quieting of fetal activity. It seems to happen several times a day; like I suppose it is more around meal times, like before breakfast, she starts getting a bit excited, but yeah, afternoon tea time; any of those times as well, she’s still, she goes: “Oh yeah, food’s on the way, yay.” after a meal she’s completely silent.

usually for, even up to an hour she’ll not, like I won’t feel a single movement ‘cause it’s almost just like she’s just chowing down and happy. (Ruth, 39 weeks)Fetal activity as described by women in relation to hunger and eating demonstrated a developmental pattern over the course of a mealtime episode, with staged responses interpreted by mothers as being indicative of anticipation, hunger, appreciation of food and satiation, as represented in Figure 1, Staged fetal responses to maternal hunger and eating, as described by participants. Typical descriptions of fetal activity in relation to meal stage, with numbers of participants making a statement of this type. In this study, just seven of the 19 participants reported increased activity with maternal hunger, whilst 12 did not.

  1. When a theme is identified in a qualitative study it is important to consider the negative cases.
  2. When participants who reported increased fetal activity in association with maternal hunger were compared to those who did not it was noted that those women in the study who had provided the most complex and detailed descriptions of their baby’s movements were more likely to describe their babies as ‘very active’ or as ‘moving all the time’ recounted increased fetal activity with hunger.

As the cohort went on to birth it was noted that babies born to mothers who described increased fetal movements with hunger were smaller than those that did not describe this pattern (3221.75 g vs.3583.75 g) with a mean birthweight difference between groups of 364 gm.

  • This difference was compared using a two tailed t test and did reach statistical significance (t(17) = -2.295, p = 0.035).
  • Some analysis of other factors such as maternal BMI at booking, fetal sex and birth outcome was also conducted but is not reported here as no significant differences were identified in this small sample.
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When infant birth weights are represented on a scatterplot as shown in Figure 2, it can be seen that there is a preponderance of smaller babies in the hunger group. When birthweights were converted to customised birthweight centile scores as shown in Figure 3 a similar distribution can be seen.

  • Birthweight has a normal distribution, with the majority of newborns in any given sample expected to fall between the 25 th and 75 th centiles,
  • An association between patterns of fetal movement reported by pregnant women and fetal growth may help to explain why women frequently report concerning changes in fetal movements prior to stillbirth.

However, this association must be interpreted with caution in a small sample such as this. In the quest to better understand normal and pathologic fetal activity, this study raises more questions than answers. Figure 2 How Does Baby Get Nutrition During Pregnancy Birthweight according to maternal report of increased fetal movements with hunger and no report of increased fetal movements with hunger. Scatterplot of birthweight in grams of babies whose mothers reported increased fetal movement in the context of hunger (diamonds) and those who did not report increased fetal movement in the context of hunger (squares). How Does Baby Get Nutrition During Pregnancy Customised birthweight centile according to maternal report of increased fetal movements with hunger and no report of increased fetal movements with hunger. Scatterplot of customised birthweight centile of babies whose mother reported increased fetal movements in the context of hunger (diamonds) compared to those who did not (squares). The 25 th centile is marked by a dashed line.
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How fast does food get to baby in womb?

How do babies get nutrients in the womb? – Your baby needs nourishment from the get-go. Until the placenta is developed enough to provide nutrients, your baby receives nutrients from the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. (These same endometrial cells will quickly multiply to form the placenta.) In the early weeks of pregnancy, glands in the uterine lining secrete glucose, which it stores as glycogen.

  1. When you eat, the food travels to your stomach, where it’s broken down (digested) into glucose, fats, vitamins, minerals, and protein.
  2. The nutrients are absorbed into your bloodstream and travel to the placenta.
  3. Blood vessels in the umbilical cord pass the nutrients from the placenta to vessels that flow from the umbilical cord to the baby. At this point, your baby will begin to gain weight more quickly. The umbilical cord also returns waste products from your baby to the placenta and into your circulation for elimination.

Wondering how fast the food you eat reaches your baby? It depends on how quickly the food is digested and enters your bloodstream. Some foods may take several hours, while substances like caffeine can enter your bloodstream and cross the placenta in a very short time. For more information, watch our video on how food reaches your baby,
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What month does a baby start eating in the womb?

Key milestones in digestive system development –

Weeks pregnant Milestone
5 weeks The digestive tube starts to form.
9 weeks The stomach, esophagus, liver, and pancreas have begun to form.
7-10 weeks Anus and rectum separate are formed after they separate from the urinary tract.
11 weeks The abdominal wall starts closing and the intestines go back into the belly.
13 weeks Your baby begins swallowing amniotic fluid, and meconium accumulates in the intestines.
14 weeks Your baby practices sucking and chewing.
23 weeks Peristalsis is happening.
30 weeks Baby’s body begins absorbing minerals from the intestinal tract.
32 weeks Intestinal absorption reaches adult level.

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Can baby taste what I eat immediately?

Can babies taste in the womb? – In a way, yes – babies can taste in the womb. Molecules of the food you eat pass through your bloodstream and into the amniotic fluid. Flavors are transmitted from your diet to amniotic fluid in the womb and breastmilk after birth, so breastfed babies are more accepting of various flavors.

The senses of smell and taste are very closely connected. Taste buds allow us to tell if something is sweet or bitter, salty, or sour, but smell helps us identify the specific flavor of food. The special cells that your baby needs for their sense of smell start developing around weeks 9 to 11 of pregnancy.

If you’re craving spicy curry and putting hot sauce on everything, don’t worry. Although your baby can detect some flavors and smells, there’s no evidence that spicy food can harm your baby. (It might, however, make you uncomfortable: Hot and spicy foods can aggravate morning sickness and heartburn, a common complaint during pregnancy.) At birth, your baby’s new taste buds are very sensitive, and they can taste sweet, sour, and bitter flavors.
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Do babies cry in womb?

– While it’s true your baby can cry in the womb, it doesn’t make a sound, and it’s not something to worry about. The baby’s practice cries include imitating the breathing pattern, facial expression, and mouth movements of a baby crying outside of the womb.
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Why do babies move more after you eat?

What is fetal movement counting? – Fetal movement counting is a way to check the health of a woman’s unborn baby (fetus). It’s often called kick counting. It’s done by counting the number of kicks you feel from your baby in the uterus in a certain time period.

By 20 weeks gestation, most women are able to feel their baby’s movements. Movements vary in strength and how often they occur. There are different patterns of movement. They depend on the baby’s age. Most babies tend to be more active in the evening hours. This can start as early as the second trimester.

A baby may be more active about an hour after the mother eats. This is because of the increase in sugar (glucose) in the mother’s blood. Fetal movement normally increases during the day with peak activity late at night.
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Why do babies kick after eating?

When should I feel my baby kick the most? – Your baby’s movements are unique, just like them. You may notice your baby is more active at certain times during the day. It’s common for pregnant people to notice more movement after they’ve eaten a meal. This is because of the increase in sugar (glucose) in your blood.
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Does eating too much when pregnant make baby big?

Overeating in pregnancy makes bigger babies Women who gain too much weight during pregnancy have big babies, putting their children at risk of becoming heavy later on, a new study says. American researchers followed all births in Michigan and New Jersey between 1989 and 2003.

They then focused on women who had more than one child, to exclude the possibility that women who were genetically predisposed to be obese were simply passing those genes onto their babies. Among the more than 513,000 women and their 1.1 million infants studied, scientists found that women who gained more than 53 pounds (24 kilograms) during their pregnancy made babies who were about 150 grams (0.3 pounds) heavier at birth than infants of women who gained only 22 pounds (10 kilograms).

The study was published online Thursday in the medical journal Lancet and was paid for by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. “It’s never too early to start preventing obesity,” said Stephan Rossner, a professor in the obesity unit at Karolinska Hospital in Sweden who was not connected to the study.

It may be uncomfortable for mothers to eat less and change their lifestyle, but after nine months they will get a great payoff for their children.” In the U.S., more than a third of women of normal weight and more than half of overweight and obese women gain more weight than their doctors recommend.

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The Institute of Medicine, an independent, nonprofit organization that advises the U.S. government, says normal-weight women should gain 25 to 35 pounds (11 to 16 kilograms) during pregnancy, while overweight and obese women should gain 11 to 25 pounds (5 to 11 kilograms).

Heavier babies have a significantly higher risk of staying heavy throughout their lives, said Dr. David Ludwig, director of the Optimal Weight for Life program at Children’s Hospital in Boston, one of the study authors. Big babies also have higher chances of developing problems later in life including asthma, allergies and even cancer.

Ludwig and his co-author found most women tend to put on similar amounts of weight for each pregnancy, though they are often heavier when they become pregnant with subsequent children. Previous studies have shown pregnant women who pack on the pounds suffer from complications like diabetes and high blood pressure, but little research has shown what those extra pounds could mean for babies.

  • In addition to bumping up their chances of becoming obese later, large babies are also more likely to get stuck in the birth canal or need a cesarean section.
  • Ludwig said when pregnant women overeat, some of those extra calories overstimulate the fetus’ growth.
  • The fetus is developing in an abnormal metabolic environment where there is excess blood sugar,” he said.

“That could alter the development of tissues, organs and perhaps even the wiring of the brain that regulates appetite and metabolism.” Neal Halfon, of the Center for Healthier Children, Families and Communities at the University of California, said obesity prevention in the womb wasn’t about encouraging pregnant women to trim down but improving their diet and exercise.

While obesity is caused by many different factors, some experts said the link between birth weight and obesity later in life should make women more conscious of how much weight they gain while pregnant. “This is an extremely important message,” said Arne Astrup, a professor of nutrition at the University of Copenhagen.

“If mothers are not careful, they could in some way program their children to be obese or diabetic before they are even born.” : Overeating in pregnancy makes bigger babies
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Do babies pee in womb?

Does my baby really drink it’s own pee? – The answer is, YES. Babies start to pee inside the amniotic sac around week eight, though urine production really picks up between weeks 13 and 16. They start drinking this mix of pee and amniotic fluid around week 12.
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What stage of pregnancy is nutrition most important?

Third trimester nutrients – The nutritional needs of a baby reach their peak during this time of rapid growth. This trimester still calls for higher levels of iron as well as protein. They are crucial to maintain increased blood volume, the growth and cellular development of your baby and a healthy placenta.

The light fluttery movements felt in the second trimester are replaced by much stronger, sharper jabs in the third trimester. This is when your baby’s bones become more dense and developed, and when calcium becomes a key nutrient. Two other nutrients that are very important for bone health are the fat-soluble vitamins: D3 & K2.

The importance of D3 is being more widely recognized now, but K2 is still an unsung hero. Traditional cultures consumed much higher amounts of K2 then we do today because their diets included more organ meats and naturally fermented foods. Essential fatty acids like omega-3 play the biggest role in the third trimester for many reasons.

  • Food Sources
  • Calcium: broccoli, collard greens, spinach, turnip greens, kale, beet greens, almonds, sesame seeds, brazil nuts, sardines, salmon, organic yogurt, milk kefir.
  • D3: herring, salmon, sardines, pasture raised eggs yolk, (and safe sun exposure).
  • K2: traditionally fermented sauerkraut, natto, pasture raised egg yolk, grass-fed butter, chicken, beef.
  • Omega-3: fatty fish such as mackerel or salmon, marine algae (find one that contains DHA & EPA).
  • Supplementing

As a prenatal nutritionist and promoter of real food, I always suggest aiming to meet nutrient needs through whole foods. Whole foods work synergistically by providing the cofactors and enzymes that many nutrients require to be activated and absorbed.
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Who gets nutrients first mother or fetus?

The Basics of Reproductive Physiology and Early Nutrition – The full-term human fetus develops from a single cell and needs nutrition from the moment of conception. The developing fetus relies primarily on the mother’s placenta for energy, but it takes nearly 12 weeks until growth of the placenta is complete.

How are the high-energy needs of a growing baby fueled from day one? Upon ovulation, a mature female egg (ovum) is released into the fallopian tube. Fertilization takes place within the fallopian tube when a sperm meets the egg, forming a single-celled zygote. Over the next several days, the zygote divides rapidly while traveling to the uterus, relying on energy stored in the egg to fuel its growth.

By the time it reaches the uterine cavity, the shape of the cell mass has changed from a solid sphere to a more ring-like shape with an inner cell mass called the blastocyst. The developing blastocyst remains in the uterine cavity for 4-5 days before implanting in the uterine lining (endometrium), using nutrients from endometrial secretions to meet its energy needs until implantation occurs.

The outer cells of the blastocyst, or trophoblast, are the first cells to differentiate and take on specialized tasks. Its first task is to initiate implantation by secreting enzymes that help break down the cells of the endometrium. The trophoblastic cells digest endometrial cells, absorbing the nutrients and transferring them to the blastocyst to provide further sustenance.

How food reaches your baby

While some trophoblastic cells break down the endometrium for nutrition, others form cords of cells that reach deeper into the endometrium to allow the blastocyst to attach and implant. Once implantation is complete, around one week post ovulation, the trophoblast and cells from the endometrium proliferate rapidly to form the placenta.
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Do babies get nutrients from breastfeeding?

Breastfed babies need additional vitamin D and may need additional iron. Although breast milk is an excellent source of the nutrition your baby needs, he or she will need to get extra vitamin D (beginning at birth) and possibly iron from supplements. Learn more at Vitamins & Minerals.
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Where does the baby get its nutrients from at 6 weeks?

Week 4 – implantation – In weeks 4 to 5 of early pregnancy, the blastocyst grows and develops within the lining of the womb. The outer cells reach out to form links with your blood supply. After some time, they will form the placenta (afterbirth). The inner group of cells develop into the embryo.

inner layer – this becomes the breathing and digestive systems and includes the lungs, stomach, gut and bladdermiddle layer – this becomes the heart, blood vessels, muscles and bonesouter layer – this becomes the brain and nervous system, the eye lenses, tooth enamel, skin and nails

In these early weeks, the embryo attaches to a tiny yolk sac. This sac provides nourishment to the embryo. A few weeks later, the placenta forms in full and takes over the transfer of nutrients to the embryo. Cells from the placenta grow deep into the wall of the womb. Here, they establish a rich blood supply. This makes sure the embryo receives all the oxygen and nutrients it needs.
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